The way of the gods in Japanese culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The way of the gods in Japanese culture - Essay Example The Shinto religion suggests that the departed soul of ancestors and man flows into nature to create a unified power which is mystic in nature. Generally speaking, this religion considered that death and its forces has a polluting affect to the environment and purity of nature. The Shinto religion considers their hierarchy emperor has the offspring of Sun goddess. But in many cultures Sun is believed to be a male God and this fact is contradictory to the age old belief of Japanese population. Moreover, the grand ancestor of Japanese culture is the high priest of Shinto who guides the rituals of their religious procedures. They culture also believe that death, diseases and menstruation as a taboo knows as mono –imi ,which means the flow of impurity and negative energy. This religious thought is identical with the universal religious concept as most of the cultures regard this bodily process as negative and impure. In later times, there occurred some major transformation in the Shinto religious concept with the arrival of Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism through the countries China and Korea. Even though Confucianism shaped the bureaucracy and capital of the country it had less effect on the ritual practices of the country. It could be due to the fact that Confucianism in real sense was not a religion and had no deities to be prayed to and this contradicted with the age old Shinto rituals. Only the resembling feature of Confucianism of loyalty and honesty to the family adjusted with the belief of Shino religion and made some influence in the Japanese culture. The second religious practice called Taoism was very similar with Shinto religion and it compelled the latter to adopt the former’s yin and yang concept. Frankly speaking, it is the great religion called Buddhism form China which has transformed the entire nature of Shinto religion of Japan. As per (Chapter 2,pg.37)â€Å"While Shinto had almost a phobia about death and decay, Buddhism seemed

Salmonella Infection: Causes and Effects

Salmonella Infection: Causes and Effects Recently, food safety is an increasingly important public health issue with news of food poisoning reported daily. Governments all over the world are intensifying their efforts to improve food safety. These efforts are in response to an increasing number of food safety problems and rising consumer concerns. Foodborne is any illness resulting from the consumption of contaminated food, pathogenic bacteria, viruses or parasites that contaminate the food. Foodborne disease is a common, costly yet preventable and is a widespread public health problem, both in urban and rural areas. Symptoms of foodborne illness range from mild gastroenteritis to life-threatening neurologic, hepatic and renal syndromes. Foodborne diseases are incorrectly referred to as food poisoning due to the similarity in symptoms. Examples of foodborne diseases are Botulism, Brucellosis, Salmonellosis and many more. Salmonellosis is a type of foodborne disease caused by the Salmonella bacterium (WebMD, 2011). Salmonell a food poisoning happens when the gastrointestinal tract or the digestive tract is infected by a variety of types of Salmonella bacteria (Brian MD, 2011). The two most common are Salmonella serotype Typhimurium and Salmonella serotype Enteritidis. According to the United States Department of Health Human Services (South Heartland District, n.d.), approximately 40,000 cases of Salmonellosis are reported in the United States each year. The actual number of infections may be 30 times greater because many milder cases are not diagnosed or reported.   Salmonella bacteria live in the intestines of people and animals and are often passed on from the preparation of food to the process of food consumption. The main cause of salmonella is due to the improper hygiene of food handlers. A frequent cause is when a food handler does not wash his/her hand with soap after using a bathroom. Food becomes contaminated by the unwashed hands of an infected food handler. Infection can also spread from cutting boards, counters and kitchen utensils. Besides, some food can be contaminated such as meat during the butchering process, fish when harvested in contaminated waters and fruits and vegetables if being watered with contaminated waters or during the washing process before distribution. Furthermore, public are aware of the handling of certain animals can spread the salmonella infection. Snakes, turtles, birds, chicks and other reptiles may carry salmonella. Children are exposed to salmonella by holding and cuddling infected animals. Salmonella can also be found in the faeces of some pets, especially those with diarrhoea (Jerry Shaw, 2010). The history of Salmonella outbreak is between 2002-2003 when there was a multistate outbreak of Salmonella Typhimurium infections which were ultimately associated with the consumption of raw milk. Sixty-two people were infected from various countries including Indiana, Ohio, Tennessee and Illinois. Out of the 32 food samples tested, five were positive of Salmonella Typhimurium including three raw skim milk samples, one raw milk butter sample and one raw cream sample. Upon investigation, only the consumption of raw milk was associated significantly with the illnesses (U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 2009). A recent outbreak of Salmonella was linked to tainted melons have killed two victims and leaving 141 ills in 20 states in the United States. It is said that the salmonella outbreak linked to the contaminated rock melon grown in Southern Indiana. Agriculture experts said that the frequent problems with rock melon come from the nature of the melons and sloppy agricultural practices (Liz Szabo, 2012). One may prone to Salmonella infection during travelling which is more common in developing countries with poor sanitation. People with pets and reptile also have a higher risk of Salmonella infection. People living in group housing are more prevalent to Salmonella infection simply because they are exposed to more people. In addition, food prepared at the universities canteen often uses large amount of ground meat or unshelled eggs that have been pooled from many source. Besides, infants and elderly are more prone to Salmonella bacteria due to the weak immune system in their bodies. Besides, Salmonella infection happens more frequently during the summer compare to other seasons (Victor Smida, 2011). Salmonella germs are resistant in the environment. They can survive about 5 to 6 months in polluted water and feces, survive and reproduce in at room temperature in wet environments, in food and infusion solutions. Transmissions of Enteric Salmonellosis are caused by Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi A, B and C. All the clinical entities are different in characteristic development and lasting immunity of the body. Contamination is made orally when a person eats infected food or drink infected water. After an incubation period about 14 days, the disease begins with lethargy, malaise, fever and pain during the first week followed with constipation along this period. In the second week, the bacteria are back into circulation and will cause high fever, sensitive stomach and possibly pink macules on the abdominal skin (Victor Smida, 2011). Mayo Clinic staff (2011) stated that the symptoms of Salmonella food poisoning generally begin within 8 to 72 hours after ingesting food or beverages contaminated with Salmonella bacteria. Most salmonella infections can be classified as gastroenteritis. Symptoms of Salmonellosis include fever and chills, headache, nausea, vomiting, multiple bouts of diarrhea which may be bloody and severe abdominal pain and cramps. Generally, with proper care to avoid dehydration, healthy adults can begin to seek improvement in their symptoms within a couple of days and can recover completely with a week. Most people recover without treatment. In some cases, Salmonella food poisoning can result in serious or life-threatening complications, such as severe dehydration and Reiters syndrome. A small number of people who are infected with Salmonellosis develop Reiters syndrome, a disease that can last for months or years and can lead to chronic arthritis. Seek immediate medical care if one has a change in level of consciousness or alertness, dizziness, eye irritation, painful joints, weakness and painful urination. Signs and symptoms of salmonella infection generally last four to seven days but it may take several months before the bowel habits are entirely normal. Basically, replacement of fluids and electrolytes is the focus of treatment because salmonella infection can be dehydrating. However, if the diarrhea is severe, hospitalization may require especially to younger kids, seniors and people with compromised immune systems where fluids are delivered directly into the vein. If a person is suffering from dehydration due to Salmonella, it is advisable to give the person rehydration drinks, like Pedialyte or Rehydralyte. Alternatively, the person can also be given sports drinks. Usually, it is recommended that the person continue with normal diet to obtain necessary nutrients and help in hastening process. In addition, doctor may recommend anti-diarrheal to help relieve cramping. If the salmonella bacteria are suspected to enter the bloodstream, doctor may prescribe antibiotics to kill the bacteria (OnlineMedicineTips.com, n.d.) However, prevention is better than cure. According to the U. S. Department of Agriculture, good hygiene is a priorit y when handling with food, pets and children (2011). Salmonella can be prevented by avoiding raw or unpasteurized milk and other dairy products. Wash hands after getting into contact with animal feces especially reptiles since reptiles are particularly likely to carry salmonella bacteria. Also, refrigerate and freeze leftovers right away and eat them within two or three days of refrigerating. Moreover, avoid having contact with a person who has infectious Salmonella food poisoning or its symptoms, such as vomiting and diarrhea. On top of all, drink plenty of fluids to prevent dehydration (Imraan Seedat, 2010).

Feminist Rhetoric in Uncle Toms Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe :: Feminism Feminist Women Criticism

Feminist Rhetoric in Uncle Tom's Cabin      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     In considering whether Harriet Beecher Stowe's book, Uncle Tom's Cabin, is an example of, or contains remnants of, feminist rhetoric or not, one must first solve the problem of defining what is meant by the term feminist. This is difficult to do when one considers that Uncle Tom's Cabin was written over one hundred and forty years ago, and that feminism has moved through so many different stages since that time. One must resist applying the standards of twentieth-century feminism to Stowe's time, and instead, try to view Uncle Tom's Cabin as it would have been viewed given the sentiment of the time. In order to do this, one must first define feminism within the historical context of the 1850's, when Uncle Tom's Cabin was published.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Perhaps the term feminist itself was not commonly associated with women's rights in the 1850's, but certainly the ideal was. The climate of the time in which Stowe published her anti-slavery novel was fruitful with unrest, not only because of the slavery issue, but also because of women's rights issues. The focus of the women's rights movement, led by women such as Susan B. Anthony, Lucy Stone, and Elizabeth Stanton, was not only women's attainment of the vote, but also the emergence of women as public citizens, a role that went beyond that of ruler of the domestic, private sector.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Women's suffrage was first proposed in the United States in 1848 at the first women's rights convention in Seneca Falls, just two years before Uncle Tom's Cabin was published. At this convention, a Declaration of Sentiments that paralleled the wording of the Declaration of Independence was drafted, insisting on the adoption of a women's suffrage resolution. The Women's Rights movement of this time also advocated more liberal divorce laws, less restrictive clothing for women, coeducation, and the right of married women to control their property. Though it would be seventy years before women would be granted the right to vote by the Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution, the Women's Rights movement was in place and active during the time that Stowe wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Even so, Uncle Tom's Cabin is seemingly about slavery, not women's rights, and it is not erroneous to assume that Stowe's intention was to highlight the evils of slavery and the decay of human morality, rather than directly discuss women's roles when she penned the novel.

Succubus on Top CHAPTER 11

When I went inside to relay this to Bastien a few minutes later, he took Dana's presence on the proposed shopping trip much better than I had. â€Å"That's fantastic! More time for – â€Å" â€Å"So help me, if you say ‘reconnaissance,' I'm going to smack you. I'm only in this for the clothes.† â€Å"Fair enough. But this is a golden opportunity, and you know it. You can feel her out. Put in a good word for me, maybe. Something. Anything. I need this. But,† he added, â€Å"don't do it at the cost of being†¦detrimental.† â€Å"Give me some credit here, all right? I understand the situation's gravity. I'll help you.† His roguish smile lit up his face, or rather, Mitch's face, which was kind of weird. â€Å"While you're at it, maybe you can brush up on your female bonding.† â€Å"What's that supposed to mean?† â€Å"Do a count of all your closest friends someday. I don't think you like female competition.† I made a face at him just as Jody and Dana showed up. They took me to some astonishing shopping nexus a couple of miles away. I couldn't believe that much retail space could be crammed indoors. We had a few enclosed shopping centers in Seattle, but nothing like this. Browsing stores with Dana was about as horrible as I could have imagined. She eyed scantily dressed teenagers askance and spoke to a black saleswoman like an underling. Still, despite my distaste, I remembered my duty and attempted friendliness. Over and over, I tried to bolster Bastien's reputation. â€Å"He's so into what your group's doing. He'd like to get more involved. Maybe you could come talk to him about it sometime.† Fortunately for â€Å"Mitch,† these comments did elicit a warm response from her. Yes, she'd be happy to give Mitch some one-on-one time. Anything for the cause. How nice that he cared. Truly, he was a smart and compassionate man. Blah, blah, blah. She always enjoyed spending time with him. Yet, despite this fleeting progress, her demeanor remained stiff, and her attention always shifted back to me. She peppered me with all sorts of questions, as if she were specifically probing for some key piece of information. She wanted to know what I did for a living. How close Bastien and I were. Where my â€Å"relationship† with Seth was going. What my take on the CPFV was. What my values – race, sexual orientation, etc. – were. I felt like I was being grilled, but she pushed on in that honeyed voice of hers. Despite her aloofness, she always managed to sound friendly and nonthreatening. I could see why she so enthralled her fans. This isn't just curiosity, I realized. She doesn't trust me. Dana knew something was going on with Bastien and me, and now she was trying to figure it out. That was probably why he wasn't really getting anywhere; she was on to him. True, she probably didn't suspect a covert plan featuring an incubus, but I'm sure she had her share of more mundane enemies. She was on guard for such things, hence her skepticism about our cover stories. Bastien had no idea what he'd gotten us into. So, I worked hard to maintain our innocence, answering her queries as best I could. My usual charm still wasn't working on her here, but I performed better than in previous encounters – except for the questions about Seth. The reality with him was weird enough without having to live another version of it via Tabitha Hunter, and I found myself stuttering and blushing when she brought him up. When Dana left us at the Christian Dior counter of Nordstrom to go look for slips, I nearly sagged in relief. â€Å"What about this one?† Jody held out a tester of pale pink lip gloss that would look great on Tabitha, less so on Georgina. I opened it and studied the color. â€Å"Too light. Besides, it'd probably come off with one sip of something.† She gave me a mischievous grin. â€Å"Or in other activities.† I rewarded her with a look of mock astonishment. It wasn't hard to do; she was full of surprises, it seemed. Fun ones. â€Å"Why, Jody. Here I thought you were a respectable married woman.† â€Å"Are you kidding? Marriage only makes you less respectable. Gives you a lot of time to invent new things.† Grinning back, I swapped the pink lip gloss for a red one. â€Å"Better not let Dana hear you talking like that. I got the third degree about my boyfriend, as it is.† Jody's mirth dimmed a bit, though she held her smile. â€Å"It may feel like the third degree, but she's just curious about you, that's all.† â€Å"Yeah, I guess. No other reason, I suppose.† Best not to mention my theory that Dana suspected Bastien and me of duplicity. To my surprise, Jody looked back down at the eye shadow display, pointedly avoiding my eyes. I was reminded of that day in the yard when I'd had the sense she wanted to tell me something about Dana. Something bad. â€Å"Jody,† I murmured, setting down the lip gloss, â€Å"what is it? What's wrong?† She shook her head. â€Å"Nothing. Forget about it.† Dana returned just then, and the moment was gone. â€Å"They don't have what I need. Let's check Victoria's Secret.† I perked up. That was the best thing I'd heard ail day, aside from another possible insight from Jody. We entered what had to be one of my top five favorite stores. We split up, Jody going to pajamas and Dana looking for some slip that would undoubtedly match that god-awful underwear of hers. As for me, I promptly sought outrisquelingerie sets – once I'd ascertained the other two women were occupied. No way was I having a repeat of the swimsuit incident. Unfortunately, the store had a more outstanding selection than usual, and what I'd intended to be a mere browse turned into a full-fledged mission when I found a few sets I simply had to try on. Dana and Jody were still deeply engrossed with their own wares, so I inconspicuously slipped into the dressing-room line, hoping to be in and out before either of them could investigate what sweet, innocent Tabitha was into. I had just made it to the head of the line when both of them squeezed in next to me. â€Å"What a crowd,† Jody said. â€Å"Mind if we just share your room? They're huge here.† I felt the blood drain from my face as I tried to think up some reason to decline. An idea for a contagious, flesh-eating disease was forming in my mind when the sales associate ushered us into a room that was indeed more than big enough to hold the three of us. Dana only had two skirt slips to try on, and she pulled off her slacks with unconcerned efficiency. I winced upon seeing the granny panties again. Meanwhile, Jody tried on a set of cute flannel pajamas. When I made no moves of any kind, Dana asked me if I was all right. Swallowing, I slowly began removing my clothing. She watched with narrowed eyes. The first bra and panty set I tried on was made of ivory lace decorated with black bows. The second consisted of deep magenta satin and was cut so racily it was barely a few scraps of fabric. When I got to the third one – sheer black mesh decorated with embroidered pink flowers – I wanted to die. Jody and Dana had finished and were waiting for me. Jody's face was pleasant and casual. Dana maintained a look of neutrality, but still radiated disapproval. Great. I could feel myself blushing furiously. Bastien would kill me if he found out I'd not only damaged the wholesome image, I'd completely destroyed it. While Dana stayed stone-faced, Jody cocked her head at me curiously. â€Å"I think you have the wrong bra size, Tabitha. They all look too big.† Of course they were too big. Tabitha Hunter didn't wear a 34C. Georgina Kincaid did. I'd intended to shape-shift to my preferred body when I was alone in here. â€Å"Oh,† I said stupidly, feeling like the whore Dana thought I was. Make that a dumb whore. â€Å"Well. I lost some weight recently.† I tried on the last one – red with glittering silver flowers – and even in the wrong size, it was stunning. â€Å"That looks great,† Jody said, echoing my thoughts. â€Å"I wish I was brave enough to wear something like that.† Dana studied me thoroughly. â€Å"That bra offers no support whatsoever. It has no purpose.† â€Å"She doesn't need the support. Besides, that's the point. It doesn't have to be functional. She just wants to be pretty.† â€Å"Pretty for who? And why? She isn't married.† â€Å"So what? It's none of our business.† Dana glared daggers at the other woman. â€Å"None of our business? Humanity is our business.† She must have read Dickens recently. Icy silence filled our little room. I felt invisible, regardless of the fact that I was half naked. â€Å"Hey guys? Maybe we should go. I'll just take this off.† â€Å"No,† said Jody sternly, eyes locked with Dana's in a battle of wills. â€Å"It's beautiful, Tabitha. You have nothing to be ashamed of.† â€Å"She is beautiful,† concurred Dana smoothly, â€Å"but that outfit would be better suited to a married woman.† Her tone suggested that even that was questionable. I was on the verge of just leaving the room as is, but seeing Jody defy Dana like that kindled something warm and fuzzy inside of me. Bastien would kill me, but I couldn't keep myself from joining the fight. â€Å"You know,† I remarked to Dana, making sure she noticed my blatant examination of my backside, â€Å"if that's the case, then maybe you should try this one on. It's just your color. Kind of Christmasy too. I'd love to see it on you. And I bet Bill would really dig it. â€Å" Dana just stared at me, biting her lip again as she held my challenging gaze. She looked like she might snap back but instead simply pursed those lips together in a hard, straight line. Without another word, she left the dressing room, door banging loudly behind her. Jody stood there uncertainly for a moment. â€Å"It looks great,† she reiterated before following Dana out. By myself, I decided I might as well use the alone time to shape-shift and try on the lingerie in the body they'd been intended for. As expected, they looked pretty hot, so I bought them all. I figured I deserved to salvage something from this disaster. â€Å"So how'd it go?† asked Bastien when Jody and Dana dropped me off at his place later on. â€Å"Fine,† I said, having already stuffed the illicit purchases in my car, lest they raise questions from him. â€Å"Just fine. Well†¦sort of.† I told him about Dana's interrogation and my theory that she might suspect us of something insidious, even if it wasn't what we actually planned. His face grew grimmer and grimmer as I spoke, and I knew he thought I had a point. When I finished, I leaned my head against his shoulder, hating to see him so miserable. â€Å"Hey, don't worry. We'll get through this. I mean, look on the bright side: Dana and I did a lot of bonding today. I think we had a real†¦breakthrough.† I knew doubts still plagued him, but he had cheered up by the time we – no longer as Mitch and Tabitha – arrived back in Seattle later that day. We picked up Seth on the way to Peter's apartment, promptly ensuring that neither man spoke to me for the rest of the car ride. Once again, Jerome chose not to grace us with his presence, but everyone else had turned out for more good food and poker: Peter, Cody, Hugh, and Carter. Carter seemed quietly intrigued by Seth's presence while the others greeted him like a long-lost brother. Considering how often he came up in conversation among us, I think the other immortals regarded him as one of our inner circle already. He stuck close to me for most of the night, but turned out to be a pretty damned good poker player. I think his quiet, placid nature fooled others into forgetting he was there. Amusingly, he seemed pretty pleased about his winnings too, albeit in a mild, Seth sort of way. It made me happy to see this side of him, happier still to know he was enjoying himself with my friends. I didn't really know what side of me he saw that night. My friends sure didn't pull any punches when it came to teasing me about my various idiosyncrasies, and Bastien seemed to think it was Memory Lane Night. He kept telling all sorts of stones from my past, trying to lure me into inside jokes no one else knew about. I stayed away from that path as much as possible without offending him. My priority was still making things work with Seth, and as I held his hand all night and only gave polite smiles to Bastien, I think it became clear to the incubus where my loyalties lay. He didn't seem too thrilled. Halfway through the game, I received a joint call from Mei and Grace. â€Å"Hello, Georgina,† said Grace. â€Å"It's us,† said Mei. â€Å"Did you find out anything?† â€Å"No matches,† Mei told me. â€Å"Oh.† So much for that avenue. â€Å"But that may not mean much,† said Grace. â€Å"We always miss some.† â€Å"And it doesn't really matter,† said Mei. â€Å"They're not a problem if they don't meddle in our affairs.† â€Å"And most don't?† I had run into countless immortals over the years, from all sorts of cultures and powers, but I had not paid much attention to how they operated with each other in a political sense. I had always been content to worry about my job and my job alone, safe in the knowledge that the authorities I answered to wielded enough power to deal with anyone else. â€Å"Most don't,† the demonesses agreed in unison. The poker players regarded me curiously when I hung up. â€Å"Who was that?† asked Peter. â€Å"Grace and Mei.† Hugh made a face. â€Å"Ack. The crazy-bitch-dyke twins.† â€Å"Hey, that's uncalled for. They've been very helpful.† â€Å"Yeah? Well, just wait,† he warned. â€Å"Next thing you know, they'll be wanting to cut your hair and dress you in black too. â€Å" Cody smiled at my outrage. â€Å"Why do I get the feeling there's another illicit Georgina investigation afoot?† â€Å"It's not so illicit.† â€Å"Illicit enough,† remarked Bastien with a yawn. â€Å"You and your mortals.† He pocketed the money he had left, downed his bourbon, and thanked Peter again for another fabulous evening. â€Å"Leaving so soon?† I asked. â€Å"Off to find fairer company. No offense to you, Fleur .†He leaned down to me and brushed a kiss over my lips that lingered a breath too long for friendship. â€Å"Good night.† His departure spurred a new round of the Bastien Fan Club as they all speculated what sexual escapade he was about to embark on now. â€Å"How does he do it?† asked Peter. â€Å"I wish I was that good,† added Cody. â€Å"Hey,† I complained, â€Å"pursuing women isn't any harder than men. Sometimes it's easier. â€Å" â€Å"That guy's amazing.† Hugh acted like I hadn't even spoken. † Going after a new one tonight when he's still sporting a glow that can't even be a day old. I wish I got lucky that often.† Seth didn't like to speak much with this group – or any group for that matter – but like my other friends, he was in awe of the incubus. Hugh's comment especially piqued his interest. â€Å"What do you mean by ‘glow?' Like an afterglow?† Hugh grinned at him. â€Å"Sort of†¦you must know what I'm talking about. The post-sex thing? The glamour?† â€Å"Whose deal is it?† I asked sharply, not liking the conversation's new direction. Seth turned thoughtful. â€Å"Well, then it is like an afterglow. I mean, everyone sort of has something like that after sex.† â€Å"Yes, but it's different for an incubus or a succubus,† explained Peter professorially. Unless I was mistaken, he was starting to pick up a British accent. Too much exposure to Bastien. â€Å"In their case, it's more of a literal glow – to other immortals at least. When they've had sex, they take that person's life. Life force is alluring. To an immortal, a just-laid incubus or succubus will almost – â€Å" â€Å"Glitter,† suggested Cody. â€Å"Or sparkle. And yet†¦not. It's kind of hard to explain. Hasn't Georgina told you all this?† â€Å"Not this,† said Seth. â€Å"So I†¦er, mortals don't see it?† â€Å"Are we playing or not?† I asked impatiently, raising my voice. Carter caught my eye. â€Å"Not like we do,† continued Peter. â€Å"But they – you – feel it. Or maybe ‘sense' is a better word. It pulls you in. It's very attractive. â€Å" I sunk lower into my seat, trying to decide if anyone would notice if I suddenly turned invisible. I might as well have been since no one was listening to my protests anyway. â€Å"You must have noticed it,† pointed out Hugh, taking a swig of whiskey. â€Å"There must be days when you see Georgina and practically can't control yourself because of how hot she is. You can only stare. Of course, it's probably hard to tell the difference since she's always so hot, huh?† Everyone except Carter, Seth, and I laughed. I knew the imp had meant that last part as a compliment, but I wanted to throw my gimlet glass at him nonetheless. The hilarity soon died down, and we returned to cards. But the damage was done. Seth and I hardly spoke for the rest of the night, not that anyone – save Carter, I suspected – even noticed. When Seth and I left, I knew something bad was coming. I dropped him off at his place, and he invited me inside to eat Rocky Road ice cream. He was a big ice cream fan. I should have just turned around and left, but Rocky Road has supernatural powers. Plus, I remembered what Seth and I had discussed after the recent make-out session in bed – how we had to communicate about issues, rather than ignore them. I still believed that to be true, but theory and practice were two completely different things. He made up two bowls for us, and we ate the ice cream in silence for a while. When he finished, Seth played with his spoon, not looking at me. â€Å"So,† he asked, â€Å"is it true?† â€Å"Is what true?† Like I didn't know. â€Å"Come on, don't make me spell it out,† he said gently. â€Å"I just want to hear your version, that's all.† I opened my mouth to speak, to find some way to neutralize all this, but my tongue felt thick and useless. No coherent words formed. â€Å"Is it true?† repeated Seth. When I still didn't answer, he continued, â€Å"When I see you sometimes†¦when I see you – like that one night – and can barely even breathe because you are so beautiful†¦so beautiful that I can do nothing but act like an idiot, does that mean that you've just†¦slept with someone? But, of course, I don't actually mean, um, ‘sleep'†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Damn, this communication thing really did suck.

Beliefs And Practices In China

The three main religions in China – Confucianism, Daoism, and Buddhism – originated at about the same time and share common beliefs in human goodness and the need to behave kindly and justly. However, they differ in their practices and, more importantly, in how they view deities and the afterlife. Derived from Confucius’ teachings around 500 BC, Confucianism emphasizes justice, sincerity, morality, and hierarchy.It emphasizes conduct and decorum over spirituality, emphasizing self-control and obedience instead of religious doctrine in the Judeo-Christian sense. Its practices include being sincere, just, and deferential to elders, since it embraces a strict view of worldly hierarchy and the need for etiquette rather than one governed by gods or an omnipotent single God. In this sense, it is less a religion than â€Å"a tradition of ritual/propriety† (Yao 191) which upholds sacrifices to heavenly, earthly, and ancestral spirits (generally performed in temple s).It is hard to define as a religion because it does not fit the Western world’s criteria and is more a tradition and code of behavior; indeed, it was initially used to govern the actions of China’s ancient bureaucrats. (Yao 39) Daoism evolved at about the same time as Confucianism and also embraces virtues like justice, patience, and decency. However, it is more of a religion than Confucianism because it mandates reverence for the Dao (roughly meaning â€Å"the way†), which is â€Å"a cosmic principle, permeating and infusing all aspects of creation with vitality.† (Oldstone-Moore 23) To become one with the Dao, one must attain enlightenment by practicing good, proper behavior in addition to cultivating a spiritual wisdom and serenity through unity with the Tao. Here, Taoism differs sharply from Confucianism, which does not place as much importance on cosmic forces or one’s spiritual nature. It also embraces a more concrete idea of the afterlife than Confucianism, since the Daoist view has the soul entering Hell, being forced to atone, and being reincarnated.(Oldstone-Moore 84-87) Originating in India at roughly the same time as Confucianism and Daoism, Buddhism shares with them the principles of harmony and balance, though to a Westerner it seems more like a religion than either of its fellow faiths. Indeed, its doctrines and rituals are more evolved and clearly-defined than those of China’s other two main religions. Like them, Buddhism teaches that while human nature is essentially good, the world is corrupt and one must practice pure-mindedness and good, just behavior.It also shares with Daoism the importance of seeking cosmic enlightenment, though Buddhists attain it through meditation and discipline. (Wangu 8) However, it also mandates a degree of asceticism (like varying degrees of vegetarianism) not required by Confucianism or Daoism, asking its laypeople to refrain from violence, theft, sexual misconduct, usi ng intoxicants, and â€Å"incorrect speech† (lying, gossiping, etc. ).Also, Buddhism’s concepts of the soul and afterlife are much more developed than those of either Confucianism or Daoism, and it places more emphasis on its written scriptures (which were committed to print during the first century AD). However, it has no supreme being and does not demand exclusive allegiance, as do Western religions; its appeal â€Å"has rested solely on the message of its founder and its flexibility in adapting to different cultures and philosophies. † (Wangu 10) China’s three chief religions share common traits and basic outlooks (which they openly exchanged over the centuries).Confucianism is the most secular and least spiritual, while Daoism has a more evolved sense of the spirit and afterlife and Buddhism the most evolved concepts of these, as well as the most involved code of practices. In all, they represent varying degrees of spirituality and what Westerners wou ld call â€Å"religion. † BIBLIOGRAPHY Oldstone-Moore, Jennifer. Taoism. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003. Wangu, Madhu Bazaz. Buddhism. New York: Facts on File, 2002. Yao, Xinzhong. Religions of China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.

Free Essays on Warriors Dont Cry

Beals, Melba Pattillo. Warriors Don’t Cry. First Washington Square Press trade paperback printing February 1994. Washington Square Press Publication of Pocket Books, a division of Simon& Schuster Inc. New York, NY. Melba Pattillo Beals- A junior when she entered Central High School, Melba did a lot of growing up that year. With the Supreme Court overturning their decision, the same day of that decision, on her way home from school she was attacked and almost raped. She endured a lot of harassment that year. She got her heels stepped on between every class and was singed by the water when she tried to shower after gym class. She had all her clothes sprayed on by ink and she got her eyes sprayed with acid which caused her to have to wear glasses. That same year she lived through what was supposed to be the happiest time of a girls live. She got her first boyfriend and had her first date, but all she could ever think about was how she was going to make it through her next day. Although eventually she did happen to make a friend (Link) that helped her by telling her places to avoid, he could not be seen in public with her. That year Melba turned 16 and though that year she had nobody! attend her party due to the fact that they were scared to come over to her house due to all the bomb threats everybody especially the Little Rock Nine were receiving. Everyday became a struggle for Melba, she woke-up, got dressed and went to school were she tried to make herself not seen to avoid the harassment, then she had to give interviews to reporters (which she had determined that that was her future job), and then went home to an endless ringing phone from threats or plain old hang ups. That year she had to due without a lot of the teenage things, once her friend Minnijean was expelled, she had no one to talk to, at home or at school. After that terrible year Melba spent at Central, she did not return there for her senior year... Free Essays on Warrior's Don't Cry Free Essays on Warrior's Don't Cry Beals, Melba Pattillo. Warriors Don’t Cry. First Washington Square Press trade paperback printing February 1994. Washington Square Press Publication of Pocket Books, a division of Simon& Schuster Inc. New York, NY. Melba Pattillo Beals- A junior when she entered Central High School, Melba did a lot of growing up that year. With the Supreme Court overturning their decision, the same day of that decision, on her way home from school she was attacked and almost raped. She endured a lot of harassment that year. She got her heels stepped on between every class and was singed by the water when she tried to shower after gym class. She had all her clothes sprayed on by ink and she got her eyes sprayed with acid which caused her to have to wear glasses. That same year she lived through what was supposed to be the happiest time of a girls live. She got her first boyfriend and had her first date, but all she could ever think about was how she was going to make it through her next day. Although eventually she did happen to make a friend (Link) that helped her by telling her places to avoid, he could not be seen in public with her. That year Melba turned 16 and though that year she had nobody! attend her party due to the fact that they were scared to come over to her house due to all the bomb threats everybody especially the Little Rock Nine were receiving. Everyday became a struggle for Melba, she woke-up, got dressed and went to school were she tried to make herself not seen to avoid the harassment, then she had to give interviews to reporters (which she had determined that that was her future job), and then went home to an endless ringing phone from threats or plain old hang ups. That year she had to due without a lot of the teenage things, once her friend Minnijean was expelled, she had no one to talk to, at home or at school. After that terrible year Melba spent at Central, she did not return there for her senior year...

Impact of Industrial Pollution on Human Health Essay Example

Impact of Industrial Pollution on Human Health Essay Example Impact of Industrial Pollution on Human Health Paper Impact of Industrial Pollution on Human Health Paper Essay Topic: Water pollution Moreover high quality machinery should be used and should be roper installed. The awareness campaign should also be arranged to aware the industrialist about the harmfulness they are creating for the people and also the people should be aware of the danger they are living with. Introduction Industrialization one hand provide us ease but the black side of these industries is that they are too much harmful for our health due the wastage they are producing and also the dangerous gases the are discharging in the air everyday. These gases not only affect our health but it is also destroying the ozone layer. The destroying of this ozone layer is resulting in the rise of enrapture. Evidence suggested that over 14 common diseases involving perhaps 90000 deaths a year could be conservatively linked to the results of industrial pollution in KICK. In France 40% of hospital admissions linked to industrial pollution. (Fresh, 2005). The industrial sector of Islamabad is located in 1-9 and I-I O sector on the boarder of Islamabad and Rawlins which was established in 1963. The Industrial state comprises of more then 200 factories spreader over 625 acres of land. These industries are managed by the CAD (Capital Development Authority). CAD is providing the water supply to the industries but numbers of industries have installed their own tube wells due to inadequate supply of water from CAD. The natural drains eventually lead to a single drain in the area known as Annual Ala. The entire electricity equipment is provided by WPAD. In the master plane of industrial state of Islamabad the industries are isolated from the residential areas through a buffer zone but now the residential area is developed very closed to the industrial areas because of the removal of buffer zone by CAD. Industrial state has been categorized into eight segments I. E. Tell melting furnaces, rolling mills, flour mills, oil and ghee, marble cutting and polishing, pharmaceuticals gallivanting metal working and engineering. The detail of different industrial units operating in industrial area of Islamabad is indicated below. Types and number of factories I Types of Industries II steel melting furnaces, I Approximate number 8 12. Relining mills 13. Flour mills, 14. Oil and ghee 5. Marble cutting and polishing units 16. Pharmaceuticals 7. gallivanting 18. Metal working and engineering units Total 125 15 110 12 23 Survey report-Environmental report of industrial estate Islamabad Government of Pakistan (2006) environmental survey in the industrial area of 1-9 and 1-10) The steel melting industries are contributing heavily to air pollution in the industrial state of 1-9 and 1-10. The furnaces produces metal dusts, slam and gaseous emissions. Smoke is produced during charging of the furnace. Air emission from the industry includes nitrogen dioxide, secular dioxide and carbon monoxide and thick black smoke. Particularly pollution is generated due to poor quality of scrap bundled Scrap which is being used by Meltzer consists mainly of spent containers of edible oil, paints lubricants and even Auber. There are 11 re-rolling mills and using locally manufactures billets, which are reheated in gas or oil fired open gas furnace. The environment related issue is the occasional discharge of black smoke. Large quantities of steam are used as a main heating medium in ghee manufacturing processes. Steam is also used for creating the vacuum required in ghee manufacturing. During this time major air emissions are nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide. The extremely high level of consumption of fresh water by these industries has resulted in generation of large volume of waste water. Major waste water pollutants from this industry include oil and grease, soaps and suspended solids. There are 31 marble cutting and polishing units in the industrial area of Islamabad The excess water displaced by the gathering sludge overflows without properly settling and is discharged into the effluent channels of the industrial estate. This water carries large amounts of marble powder, which gradually settles at the bottom of the drain channels. The marble sludge in the settling tanks is removed periodically and dumped in the vicinity of the factory. Eventually; the sludge dries in the sun and its particle become airborne. This causes air pollution problems for the inhabitants of the surrounding area. In some marble units, settling pits are not cleaned as scheduled, clogging effluent drain channels in the vicinity of the marble unit. Disposal of recovered sludge is the major environmental problem facing the marble manufacturing units. Another solid wastes generated by the marble units is the cutting waste. There are about ten pharmaceutical industries in III. Sulfuric acid is being used extensively to remove dust and scale. Gallivanting process releases acidic fumes and generate waste waters and solid wastes. Objectives 1 . To study the socio-economic conditions of the respondent. 2. To study the factors affecting health of people in the industrial area of Islamabad. 3. To explore the awareness among people in industrial area regarding environmental pollution on health problem statement Effects of the air pollution coming out of industries affecting the health of people living in the sectors of Islamabad (1-9 and I-ID). RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Methodology is actually is a system of principles which guide the scientific investigation. The purpose of methodology is to describe the research deign. It works as the guideline for the researcher. In the present research the data will be analyzed with the help of statistical package for Social sciences. A prepared set of questions will be designed to generate data necessarily for accomplishing the objectives of the research project. In order to conduct the present research, quantitative research method was used to get the proposed information from the respondents. A sample of 260 respondents had been drawn through simple random sampling techniques, 104 respondents had been selected from 1-9 sector and 156 respondents had been selected from I-I Sectors. In the present study the data was collected tit the help of interview schedule. An interview schedule is a set of questions, which are asked to the respondents in face to face interaction. The data was systematically tabulated and statistically analyzed to bring into equivalent forms. Different statistical tools and techniques were used for the analysis and interpretation of results. The data was analyzed by SPAS.

Location and Function of the Pons in the Human Brain

Location and Function of the Pons in the Human Brain In Latin, the word pons literally means bridge. The pons is a portion of the hindbrain that connects the cerebral cortex with the medulla oblongata. It also serves as a communications and coordination center between the two hemispheres of the brain. As a part of the brainstem, the pons helps in the transferring of nervous system messages between various parts of the brain and the spinal cord. Function The pons is involved in several functions of the body including: ArousalAutonomic function: breathing regulationRelaying sensory information between the cerebrum and cerebellumSleep Several cranial nerves originate in the pons. The largest cranial nerve, the trigeminal nerve aids in facial sensation and chewing. The abducens nerve assists in eye movement. The facial nerve enables facial movement and expressions. It also aids in our sense of taste and swallowing. The vestibulocochlear nerve aids in hearing and helps us maintain our equilibrium. The pons  helps to regulate the respiratory system by assisting the medulla oblongata in controlling breathing rate. The pons is also involved in the control of sleep cycles and the regulation of deep sleep. The pons activates inhibitory centers in the medulla in order to inhibit movement during sleep. Another primary function of the pons is to connect the forebrain with the hindbrain. It connects the cerebrum to the cerebellum through the cerebral peduncle. The cerebral peduncle is the anterior portion of the midbrain that consists of large nerve tracts. The pons relays sensory information between the cerebrum and cerebellum. Functions under the control of the cerebellum include  fine motor coordination and control, balance, equilibrium, muscle tone, fine motor coordination, and a sense of body position. Location Directionally, the pons is superior to the medulla oblongata and inferior to the midbrain. Sagittally, it is anterior to the cerebellum and posterior to the pituitary gland. The fourth ventricle runs posteriorly to the pons and medulla in the brainstem. Pons Injury Damage to the pons can result in serious problems as this brain area is important for connecting areas of the brain that control autonomic functions and movement. Injury to the pons may result in sleep disturbances, sensory problems, arousal dysfunction and coma. Locked-in syndrome is a condition resulting from damage to nerve pathways in the pons that connect the cerebrum, spinal cord, and cerebellum. The damage disrupts voluntary muscle control leading to quadriplegia and the inability to speak. Individuals with locked-in syndrome are consciously aware of what is going on around them but are unable to move any parts of their bodies except for their eyes and eyelids. They communicate by blinking or moving their eyes. Locked-in syndrome is most commonly caused by decreased blood flow to the pons or bleeding in the pons. These symptoms are often the result of blood clot or stroke. Damage to the myelin sheath of nerve cells in the pons results in a condition called central pontine myelinolysis. The myelin sheath is an insulating layer of lipids and proteins that help neurons conduct nerve impulses more efficiently. Central pontine myelinolysis can result in difficulty swallowing and speaking, as well as paralysis. A blockage of the arteries that supply blood to the pons can cause a type of stroke known as lacunar stroke. This type of stroke occurs deep within the brain and typically only involves a small portion of the brain.  Individuals suffering from a lacunar stroke may experience numbness, paralysis, loss of memory,  difficulty in speaking or walking, coma, or death. Divisions of the Brain Forebrain: encompasses the cerebral cortex and brain lobes.Midbrain: connects the forebrain to the hindbrain.Hindbrain: regulates autonomic functions and coordinates movement.

International Econ Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

International Econ - Article Example I’m not going to use more than what is required and avoid wasting water altogether. I believe that we in the developed world have a duty not to pollute the atmosphere as well and hence I’m going to ensure that my car is up to date with the latest emission standards. This, I think is the least we owe to the developing world i.e., cutting down our carbon footprint. Apart from this, I plan to visit some of the areas affected by water shortage and try to learn first hand what the problems are and what I can do as an individual. I can petition my congressman and senator about the legislation that would bring about changes in the way aid money from the US is spent. For this, I need to have a clear understanding on what the goals and objectives are about. In conclusion, I believe that each of us has a duty to ensure that we live in accordance with the environment and we should remember that we have merely borrowed the earth from the future generations and hence we have to ensure that they have a chance at the good

Monoclonal antibody vs small molecules pharmacology Essay

Monoclonal antibody vs small molecules pharmacology - Essay Example y development, their different characteristics, clinical trial design, choice of study population, study design guidelines, estimation of the first dose, study design guidelines, and regulatory agencies shall all be investigated. A conclusion will thus be drawn. Given the risky and fatal impact of failed drug production in humans, the need to be comprehensively certain of the efficacy, function and overall pharmacological outcomes of a clinical drug is very important. It is against this backdrop that early human exploratory development has been used over the years as the first part of any clinical development phase of a novel compound or clinical drug where the compound or drug is assessed for tolerability, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacokinetics in humans (Jefferis, 2007). There are number of ways in which mAbs have been noted to be different from conventional small molecule drugs. First, Telling (2004) indicated that there is a major interspecies variation between the use of the two molecule forms. What is more, mAbs exhibit less homogenous biological production process when compared to small molecules. Directly related to the action of the biological production is the fact that the mAb is able to achieve specificity of action during drug development but no such specificity of action is achieved for small molecules (Vorberg et al., 2000). Again, the target toxicity for mAbs have been found to be unspecific as there could be on and off target toxicity, accompanied with a highly complex PK:PD relationship. In terms of the field research that have been performed for these two molecule forms, Treon et al. (2005) argued that mAb has seen a relatively youthful research field, most of which have showed outcomes of rare to no linear dose response. What is mo re, there is an unpredictable effect on the immune system complex when mAb is used. among other factors, there is poor oral bioavailability, long half-life, and complex non-linear kinetics in mAb when in actual fact

Modern Organisational Theory and Applied Science Assignment

Modern Organisational Theory and Applied Science - Assignment Example The abovementioned makes the question of methods effectiveness and appropriateness to each certain case extremely important. This project will examine the appropriateness and effectiveness of qualitative research methods in organizational studies as well as provide an overview of the specific characteristics and methods of qualitative research. Historically, quantitative approaches and methodologies have been the first and foremost choice in the area of professional organizations and management research. The quantitative bias can probably be explained by the origins of modern organizational science which relies heavily on the natural sciences such as mathematics, economics, and sociology. Quantifiability and precision have traditionally been among the most essential features of these sciences and quantitative paradigm was undoubtedly the best choice to maintain and reinforce them (Patton and Appelbaum, 2003: 60). The primary task of a qualitative study is to provide the researcher with data that relates to a specific context or setting, for example, explaining participants' perception of an organization, understand participants' understanding of various phenomena, reveal their experiences, motivations, etc. At the same time, extrapolation of the qualitative study results in other similar situations and contexts is also an important aspect of qualitative research (Hoepfl, 1997). There is a definition of qualitative research found in the literature. Strauss and Corbin (1990) define qualitative research as "any kind of research that produces findings not arrived at by means of statistical procedures or other means of quantification" (p. 17). Denzin and Lincoln (1998) describe qualitative research as "...multi-method in focus, involving an interpretative, naturalistic approach to its subject matter. This means that qualitative researchers study things in their natural settings, attempting to make sense of, or interpret, phenomena in terms of the meanings people bring to them' (Denzin and Lincoln 1998: 3). Cassel and Symon (1994) claim that the most characteristic feature of qualitative research is "...a focus on interpretation rather than quantification, an emphasis on subjectivity rather than objectivity" (p.7). These three definitions identify the basic distinctions between qualitative and quantitative research and highlight the key features of qualitative me thodology mentioned above. It shall be noted though that quantitative and qualitative research shall not be perceived as absolutely antagonistic to each other: "qualitative research usually does use some form of quantification, but statistical forms of analysis are not seen as central" (Mason 1996: 4).

Globalisation High School Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Globalisation High School - Essay Example These two books are Thomas Friedman's The World is Flat, and Tarek Barkawi's Globalisation and War. As pertains to the concept of the state within the era of globalisation, neither of the authors engages in the explicit discussion of this question. Their position on the question, however, is implied throughout each of their works and, a close reading indicates that they adopt diverse positions. Friedman, a globalisation proponent and optimist, believes that globalisation has minimalised the role of the state in both the economic and, interestingly enough, political spheres. Globalisation, as he argues, implies the triumph of rational economic considerations over, often emotional and ideologically-based, political ones. The state, in other words, has not simply been eliminated as a market-player but, to a great extent, it no longer has the requisite power or capacity to impose its will over the market nor, indeed, to stand in the face of globalisation. To protect their status and maintain their control and authority over their territories, states customarily imposed artificial barriers to the movement of people, goods and services, let alone information, across borders. With these barriers in place, the world was a vast space, comprised of politically and economically sovereign nation-states wherein states primarily governed on the basis of political ideology. Not only that, but as major market players/shapers, states based economic and market decisions on ideological considerations. Globalisation did not, according to Friedman, simply flatten the world, as in make it infinitely smaller (9-10) but it effectively minimalised the role of the state. Trade networks, inextricably connected nation-states together, concomitant with the emergence and proliferation of the information highway, implying the interconnection of cultures and diverse peoples, rendered states incapable of controlling economic activities within and across their borders any more (Friedman, pp. 8, 45, 74, 102-103). Globalisation, in other words, rendered politics/state, an instrument of economics/trade/market, as opposed to the traditional and historic voice-versa. The state, from Friedman's perspective, has been flattened by the force of globalisation and, positively so. By claiming that globalisation has flattened the state, along with the world, Friedman does not mean that the state has been rendered ineffective. The state still has a role to play within the context of globalisation, although that role may be very different from its earlier one. Rather than an overtly political role which renders economic considerations subservient to ideological ones, the state now plays the role of coordinator, or protector of national economic interests. It does so, as may be inferred from the entirety of Friedman's treatise, not because it has been bought out by big business' but, because globalisation has rendered the national interest an undeniably, and overtly, economic one. In order to protect its national interests, as it is expected and required to do, the state need protect its economic interests and the

Family in Europe History Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 5

Family in Europe History - Coursework Example However, kinship ties were also important to people who were poor. They kept up connections with family in the mother country when they traveled abroad for work and even when slaves were separated from each other. Kinship was thus important as a last means of sustenance when things went bad or as a responsibility for those who had done well. Among the lower levels of society, kinship ties seem to have been traced only about as far as they are traced today, from the grandparents down through the parents, aunts and uncles to the children – the siblings and first cousins of the nuclear group. Beyond that, or beyond the village in which they were born, most people tended to forget their kinship ties unless it was to some grand house elsewhere. Much of the importance of kinship at this level was determined by how to disperse the property following death and who should be invited to important social occasions such as weddings and funerals. Blood lines were important because they suggested an unbreakable link backwards into the distant past of the family. Those who shared the same blood could not deny kinship with others of the same line. This carried weight in that noble blood, once noble, would remain noble even if family circumstances brought them low. Blood linkages were recognized in terms of inheritance and in social practices, such as the passing down of the family name. Women often kept track of their bloodline as well, perhaps more so because of the need for her to relinquish her family name and home upon marriage. This was also more true in areas where lineages had been more traced through the female line in the distant past. However, marriage ties were also important because they were able to forge desired connections between family. Sometimes they took the place of blood ties such as when a sonless farmer’s daughter married and the resulting son-in-law gained the status of a true-born son to inherit the family lands.

Film analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Film analysis - Essay Example The scenes of verbal and physical conflicts between Ciki and Nino happen. They physically injure each other and also get to know a little about each other. In the course of this multilingual film, Tanovic portrays intentions of peacekeeping forces and media in somewhat negative but realistic manner through UN Sgt Marchand and journalist, Jane (Tanovic, 2001). As the Ciki and Nino wait with a what seems almost eternal entrapment, nature makes visit through Tanovic’s camera as a piece of blue sky, some trees and feeble sound of birds and insects. But the contrast of this little peep of nature and soldiers confinement to a trench clearly deconstructs war and highlights the beauty of freedom and peace. The sense of wait is depicted strongly as viewers expect something to happen every time but it never does. Ciki finds a gun in the trench and shoots Nino. The shot is taken from a high point to show Ciki’s view point. The camera zooms at low angle to show Nià ±o’s viewpoint who is bracing for the worst to come and looking up at Ciki with blue sky behind him. As Nino closes his eyes camera lingers on him but no shots come. When Nino opens his eyes all he sees is a patch of blue sky and no Ciki. There was no climax such as Ciki putting his gun down and sparing Nino’s life. The incident fades without ending. While vie wer’s curiosity is answered by a long shot of Ciki who has moved to other part of the trench. Tanovic has depicted the unending wait for war to be over. The war is waiting for something to happen but it never happens. It is our and Nià ±o’s viewpoint. One more example, explosion of the mine under Cera is awaited but that does not happen. Ciki and Nino are killing time while Cera is forced to have bowel movement in his pants. A war simply ends when world and media puts their attention somewhere else. . Once Jane approaches the trench and bribes soldiers with cigarettes. The camera shot shows her position high up while Nino’s

Family in Europe History Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 5

Family in Europe History - Coursework Example However, kinship ties were also important to people who were poor. They kept up connections with family in the mother country when they traveled abroad for work and even when slaves were separated from each other. Kinship was thus important as a last means of sustenance when things went bad or as a responsibility for those who had done well. Among the lower levels of society, kinship ties seem to have been traced only about as far as they are traced today, from the grandparents down through the parents, aunts and uncles to the children – the siblings and first cousins of the nuclear group. Beyond that, or beyond the village in which they were born, most people tended to forget their kinship ties unless it was to some grand house elsewhere. Much of the importance of kinship at this level was determined by how to disperse the property following death and who should be invited to important social occasions such as weddings and funerals. Blood lines were important because they suggested an unbreakable link backwards into the distant past of the family. Those who shared the same blood could not deny kinship with others of the same line. This carried weight in that noble blood, once noble, would remain noble even if family circumstances brought them low. Blood linkages were recognized in terms of inheritance and in social practices, such as the passing down of the family name. Women often kept track of their bloodline as well, perhaps more so because of the need for her to relinquish her family name and home upon marriage. This was also more true in areas where lineages had been more traced through the female line in the distant past. However, marriage ties were also important because they were able to forge desired connections between family. Sometimes they took the place of blood ties such as when a sonless farmer’s daughter married and the resulting son-in-law gained the status of a true-born son to inherit the family lands.

What do you think the most serious problem in the world Why Essay

What do you think the most serious problem in the world Why - Essay Example Knowing the broader implications of ideas allows one to move beyond the superficial nature (and seemingly discreteness) of our modern problems. With this foundation, it seems the most serious problem afflicting the world today is nihilism, which is the idea that values do not and cannot exist. Nihilism can take form in philosophy, but it is more recognizable in actions. Incidentally, there are a number of examples of nihilism applied to action that correlate to what the BBC found were the most serious problems. A recent example was the 2011 London riots, in which youth rioters destroyed and looted urban streets. As one commentator notes, â€Å"Nihilism, or the conviction that life on Earth is totally pointless, saps the young of their energy, their ambition, and their will to strive, struggle and triumph† (Dean). In this case, people commit violence not to achieve something, but for violence for violence’s sake. On a larger scale, in his book Ominous Parallels, philosopher Leonard Peikoff indicates that Nazi Germany arose out a culture of nihilism, which fanned the flames of extreme poverty, military aggression, and genocide. Anders Behring Breivik, perpetrator of the Oslo terrorist attack, committed his crime in the attempt to destroy as much value as possible (Nowicki). In fact, this is a consistent theme across time and space, among humankind’s most grievous catastrophes and crimes: the desire to destroy and the results of that attitude. BBC World Service. "Poverty most serious world problem, says global poll." 17 January 2010. BBC World Service. 16 September 2011

History Of The Hotel Industry Tourism Essay

History Of The Hotel Industry Tourism Essay The hotel industry is any types or forms of business which relates to providing accommodations in lodging, food and beverage and a vast variety of services that are interrelated and organised which are intended for public service. Hotels offer enormous range of guests services such as banqueting, conference and fitness, sport and facilities, beauty spas, bars, sophisticated restaurant and others. The hotel sector consists of more than 15% of all the people who worked in the hospitality sector. Hotels falls into a number of different categories which includes the glamorous five-star resort international luxury chains, trendy boutiques, country house, conference, leisure or guest houses. This very dynamic sector offers good quality accommodation, great variety of food and beverage, together with other services for all types of customers. The hotel sector is always striving to offer excellent customer service throughout its operations. History of the Hotel Industry The hospitality industrys history can be traced back by the end of 1700s in the Colonial Period. This industry has been the subject of important development over the years as it has faced many obstacles such as the World Wars, the great depression, the industrial revolution and other social changes. However, the hotel industry as seen today in its modern concept took place in the 1950s and 60s. The idea of renting an accommodation to visitors appeared since ancient times, and the modern concept of a hotel as we know started 1794, when the  City Hotel opened in New York City; the City Hotel was claimed to be the first building designed exclusively to  hotel operations. Other similar hotel operations follow the trend and appeared in other cities such as Philadelphia, Baltimore and Boston in 1809.   The 1760s  industrial revolution has much lead to the emerging of hotels everywhere, mainly in England, Europe and in America. The advent of new ways of transportations, hotels and resorts outside of major cities was built in the countryside and began promoting their scenery and other attractions. The concept of the vacation was developed and available to more and more of the population. In the 1920s, the construction of hotel took a boom phase where many well-known hotels were opened. As from that period a flow of famous hotels flooded in America and the rest of the world with prominent brand such as Radisson, Marriot, Hilton and more others. Organisations representing hotels worldwide The Tourism industry worldwide has generated billions for recipient countries, making the tourism industry one of the most successful sectors in international trade in services. Often facing economically difficult times there has been the creation of several world organisations to monitor progress, promote and developed sustainable tourism in the hotel industry. The following are some of the world organisations representing the tourism and travel industry: i) World Tourism Organisation (UNWTO) The (UNWTO) is one of the United Nations agencies, which is accountable for the advancement of responsible and sustainable tourism. Being the Word leading organization in the tourism sector, UNWTO promotes tourism as a mean for economic growth, development and environmental sustainability and offers the monitoring and assistance to the hotel sector in creating market knowledge and promotes competitive global tourism policies. ii) International Hotel Restaurant Association (IHRA) The  IHRA is an international association representing the welfares of hotel  and  restaurant industries. IHRA main members are national hotel and restaurant associations which are located worldwide. Their main mission is the monitoring of international agencies in the tourism industry. It comprises of 300,000 hotels and 8 million restaurants, this represents 60 million people who worked in the sector and raise more 950 billion USD yearly iii) HSMAI Hospitality Sales Marketing Association International The HSMAI is the largest international association of travel sales and marketing professionals. The association have over 4,000 members from different travel and tourism organisations including hotels, resorts, airlines, cruise lines and others in 31 countries worldwide, with the purpose of improving sales and marketing, education and management skills in the hospitality organisations worldwide. iv) The  World Travel Tourism Council  (WTTC) The WTTC is a global authority which caters for the economic and social impact of Travel Tourism. Its main aim is to support sustainable growth in the industry, while working in collaboration with different governments and international institutions to generate employments, to boost exports and to bring prosperity. Growth of Hotel Industry Worldwide The rise in levels of  income  and standard of living  but also coupled with an increase in  leisure time has been especially beneficial to the tourism industry. The advent of  technological progress particularly through higher capacity cruise ships and aircrafts,  computerized reservation systems, better road transport facilities have played key roles in the global growth of hotel industry. Moreover, improved productivity has been encouraging to the industry by aiding to reduce costs and making travel and tourism products more accessible and affordable. As competition in the industry increases worldwide, the customers have reap great benefits in terms of   lower prices  coupled from a wider choice  as the organizations have to  differentiate their products  from the crowd to attract niche market but also to struggle to enhance and improved the quality of their services. Implementing new strategies to marketing and promotion and innovative products are increasing the demand for destinations. The  governments as a facilitator, fund provider and legislator  have also had played its part on the development of the industry.   New consumer needs and attitudes  have also driven the growth of specific segments, for instance new tourism concept such as medical tourism and ecotourism are booming. Moreover, the increased  level of economic activity  which has led to an upsurge in business travel and also the rising tendency of international movement. In fact, even though there is the presence global economic challenges, the developments of hotels keep progressing, with additional innovative rooms being injected into global room supply by independent hotels and hotel chains. Statistics According to the UN World Tourism Organisation, in 1950 the international tourist arrivals was at 25 million in 1950 is now set to surpass 1 billion by end of 2012, with an 1.8 billion worldwide arrival by 2020. In the beginning of 2012, the World Travel Tourism Council (WTTC) estimates that global growth for the Travel Tourism of 2.7%, slightly downgraded from the 2.8% than that was expected for the industry. The trend for Travel Tourism figures has been positive for the beginning of 2012 and has exceeded anticipations from the start of the year. Global tourist arrivals have progressed to 4.9% in the year 2012 from January to June, whereas airline passenger traffic is up 6.8%, and hotel occupancy rates are growing in most markets. In the year 2011, the Travel Tourism industries accounted for 255 million jobs globally generating 9 per cent of world GDP while generating billions for host economies; explaining why this industry plays a significant role in global investment and economic growth. Statistics unveiled by the World Tourism Organization (WTO), in 2008 shows than an estimated 924 million worldwide tourist arrivals, shows an increase of 1.76% compared to 2007. In 2009, international tourist arrivals experience a fall of 882 million, representing a worldwide drop of 4.4% over 2008. The world destinations witnesses a total of 600 million arrivals, and tourist arrivals in the whole world fell by 7% in the beginning of year 2009, but the trend have been rather been steady in recent months. These recent results and combined economic data, confirms UNWTOs initial forecast a 5% fall in global tourist arrivals during the year 2009. Moreover, the global tourism in 2011 increases by 4.4%, attaining $980 million international tourist arrivals. The estimation for 2012 according to the UNWTO expects a grow in the sector but at somewhat a lower rate, but allows to touch the reach of 1,000 million international tourists by the end of 2012.

Medieval Chivalry Essay -- essays research papers fc

Western Civilization Medieval Chivalry and Knighthood During medieval times knighthood was a class culture, cherished and jealousy guarded by the knightly caste. Knight had the honor of defending the king as well as their country. On the bloody fields of battle a code of chivalry evolved that tempered anger and fury with mercy. It created ways of turning the grim business of fighting into something tolerable, perhaps even acceptable. Chivalry was not only looked upon as a code for war; it was looked upon as a setting for stories of love and romance. Chivalry meant a higher social status as well as recognition. Chivalry as we know it denotes the ideals and practices considered suitable to be a noble. Over time chivalry has been used as the primal word to describe the attitude and actions of men towards women. "The word itself is reminiscent of the milieu in which the ideas connected with it took shape-the aristocratic society of mediaeval France dominated by mounted warriors or chevaliers." From as early as the eleventh century several different sets of ideas represented different standards of chivalric behavior. Over the next four hundred years the concepts of Hanuka, 2 The ideal nobleman developed by and for the feudal class under the influence of changing environments, ideas, political views and economies. The concept of being born into a certain class in society was a great part of medieval life. This concept of the class system was based on the land ownership and duties that were owed to other people. The knights were the military supporters of the feudal lords. The knight fought for his lord and if necessary died for him. However, the feudal inheritance was provided only for the eldest son. Younger sons therefore tended to the church or joined groups of knight lacking land. They worked and did their jobs waiting for the opportunity to marry into an estate. There were three methods of becoming a knight. "The most common involved the King or tenant-in-chief conferring the title, known as 'dubbing'. The second method involved religion, the soon to be knight kept a night vigil with his arms on the altar in front of him. He then took a purifying bath, heard Mass and had his spurs put on it. The dubbing then followed with a formal sermon and a sword. The third method involved the readings of a service Benedictio Novi Militis. Hanuka, 3... ...; Works Cited Barber, Richard. The Knight and Chivalry. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1970. Boutlon, Jonathan Dacre. The Knights of the Crown. Great Britain: The Boydell Press, 1987. Cabell, James Branch. Chivalry. New York and London: 1909. Davis, William Stearns, Life on a Mediaeval Barony. New York and London: Harper and Brothers, 1923. Harper-Bill and Harvey, Christopher and Ruth. Medieval Knighthood IV. Rochester: The Boydell Press, 1992. Lang, Lloyd and Jennifer. Medieval Britain: The Age of Chivalry. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1996. Morgan, Gwendolyn A. Medieval Ballads. New York: Peter Lang, 1996. Painter, Sydney. French Chivalry: Chivalry Ideas and Practices and Mediaeval France. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1985. Ramsey, Lee C. Chivalric Romances: Popular Literature in Medieval England. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1983. Wood, Charles T. The Age of Chivalry. New York: Universe Books, 1970. Young, Alan. Tudor and Jacobean Tournaments. London: George Phillips, 1987. British Orders and Awards. London: Kaye and Ward, 1968.

Technology is Good :: Computer Science Technology

Technology is scientific developments that aid in problem solving and extend human capabilities. Its purpose is to help mankind, but often it has a negative effect. Guns were developed as a tool to protect oneself by killing the enemy. However, they?re often used for murder and on innocent people. Many more people die from the gun than are protected by it. Is the gun something that is harming the human race? Many argue that it is ?people who kill people?, not guns. Even if there weren?t guns, people would kill each other with different means. Although, the invention of something decidedly a weapon cannot be viewed as positive. Leaps and bounds have been made in the medicinal area of technology. Inventions of differing medicines and drugs have promoted the health of millions of people and even saved many of our lives. We no longer fear that influenza will be the death of us, nor any epidemics like the bubonic plague. This does not include third-world countries, which have been neglected and left behind. Not to mention that not all drugs turned out to be good. Many have horrible side effects and have been labeled ?bad? such as marijuana, cocaine, and LSD. Thousands of people are hooked to the stuff in ever downward-spiraling addictions. The internet is a wonderful communication network that connects the world and gives anyone access to billions of faucets of information anytime! With no effort at all you can talk to someone on the other side of the globe or buy something quite easily from an online store. The negative side, however, is that it can be dangerous, too. With lurking viruses and spy ware, are people out to steal your identity always looming. A great trafficker of porn and tons of false information, the internet can be highly addictive. The piracy rates have soared with free music downloads and software and such. Finally, one inarguably good invention is the refrigerator. It stores food like a cabinet and cools it to keep it from rotting days after it normally would. So, it saves food and garbage and money.

Childcare Essay

Birth-12 months- Babies will begin to smile at adults especially at their careers. Will gaze at faces and will copy facial movements. They respond to faces and voices of familiar people around them, they are still shy around strangers but enjoy affection from their careers. They enjoy being held, cuddled and tickled by adults. They will start to talk using babble noises. â€Å"Temper tantrums† may have started. They start to become more demanding and assertive and can express rage at being told ‘no’, they have no idea of sharing and a strong sense of ‘mine’. 1-2years- Are becoming aware of others around them, they may begin to start to display attachment and anxiety separation from carers and adults they are close to. They will begin to start exploring their environment knowing there is a familiar adult nearby for reassurance. As they develop they can start showing signs of emotions e. g. when another child cries they may start crying as well, when another child smiles at them they will smile back. Are very possessive of toys they may have and find it hard to share. Play becomes more fun with other children, and they will mostly be cooperative. They may start to display temper tantrums. 2-3 years-Children will begin to learn about relationships and will start to seek others to share in their experiences and for reassurance. They tend to find it hard to control their feelings especially when they are excited and frustrated. They tend to still look for adults for comfort if they are upset. They are starting to become more independent in things they do. 3-4years- children will begin to social with in a group of children and began to play cooper actively some of the time. They began to take control of their toilet needs and become more independent in the in self-help. They are starting to develop own feelings and start to show empathy towards others. Most children will have started school at the age 4 and will be enjoying their independence. 5-7years-Children will become independent by dressing and undressing themselves. Begin to choose own friends. They start to understand rules and boundaries and like to have structure and routines. They will seek out adults for approval and praise. They have good sense of when other children are upset or sad. Their social skills will be growing as play becomes more cooperative with other children as they enjoy turn taking. They will have a developed a good sense of self-awareness both positive and negative. They now know the difference between right and wrong. Progression towards teenage years- They are a lot more independent in what they do and become less reliant on others. They begin to form good relationships with others and are more aware of their gender. They begin to understand what behaviour is acceptable and what is unacceptable and have a strong sense of what is right and wrong. They are beginning to what their own privacy. They become more concerned of what other people think of them and can often become unsure about new changes. 13-19 years- Become more self-motivated within themselves. Need a lot more reassurance as they start to approach adolescence/puberty, do not appreciate that parent’s get involved in how independent they become as they get older. Mood swings and confrontation become more apparent. Will start to engage in new friendships especially as they progress to further education in a new environment. Becomes more self-conscious about their appearance and social status. Will begin to engage in more adventures activities but may be aware of the forth coming actions due to their involvement. Will begin to think things through before undertaking the action and are more independent in their decisions and intellectual interests. They begin to set goals for their future in education/employment but still worry about failure. Language Birth-12 months-Will communicate with others in different ways such as crying, babbling and squealing and will use their vocal voice and enjoy vocal play alongside adults , will use gestures such as putting arms up to be picked up, when talked to from a familiar person will make own sounds in response. 1-2 years- Speech is starting to develop as they start to respond and understand more words. They are starting to acquire new words on a regularly basis. May start to use one-two word questions and is able to put two words together. 2 years-3years- Will start to become more able to express what they want to adults and start to understand a little more of what adults are saying to them through words and gestures. They will start to extend their vocabulary rapidly up to about 70 words between 1-2 years old; will tend to have conversations with themselves about what they are doing and uses personal words which as they begin to develop their vocabulary and is able to follow one instruction when given by an adult. 3-4 years- Children begin to develop their language skills further by beginning able to say their own name and how they old they are. They begin to have a vocabulary of between 250 words to 500 words and starting to use more complex sentences. Can begin to describe things they are doing and explain why things are happening. 5-7years-Children are becoming to have good communication skills as their conversations and questions they ask become more complex. They are beginning understand the meaning of text and are starting to recognise letters, sounds and words as well as their own written name. They start to understand that one word can mean two things for example orange for fruit and orange as a colour. They are still building on their language in spoken and written form. Progression towards teenage years- They will still be developing their language skills but in a more complex way. Are starting to talk problems through to be able to solve them as their ability to think logically begins to mature. 13-19years- Their language skills are still developing but in a more complex way. Physical Birth-12months- A baby will grow rapidly during their first year of development within weeks a child will begin smiling and will turn the head to respond to different sounds in their environment. They will begin to have a pattern in their own routine for example feeding time and sleep time. On the approach to six months they will begin to roll over from their front to their back and start grasping objects which they will tend to put in their mouth. By 8 months they begin to crawl and by 9 months they begin to start walking. 1-2 years- Most babies will be crawling or possibly still shuffling; they start to pull themselves up on furniture to the standing position to support them to move along from one end to the other. They may start to take a few steps independently or with adult support, they start to become curious about different objects passing toys from one hand to the other , hand eye coordination is developing as they start holding an object in each hand and bringing them together in the middle. They will start to attempt to self-feed themselves with their hands or a spoon and use a cup with two hands. Fine motor skills are developing as they begin to use crayons/pencils in the palmer grasp when mark making. 2-3years- Begins to climb on equipment with confidence, and is able to walk up and down stairs holding onto the rail using two feet at a time. Fine motor skills when mark marking is developing from palmer grasp to tripod grasp as they begin to scribble/draw lines. They have developed the skills to kick a ball and throw a ball, increasingly able to manipulate small objects with hands. They become more independent in their feeding skills as they begin to easily use a spoon and possibly a fork. Potty training will start being introduced as a child begins to control their bowel movements. Bricks will be built into larger towers than before usually with six or seven bricks. 3-4 years- Children are becoming more independent in their choices. Gross motor skills are developing quickly as they begin to run, jump, climb up climbing frames and start to try and ride a tricycles, when mark making will hold pencil between thumb and finger and begins to draw lines and circles and may start to copy some letters from their name. Independence in dressing and undressing has developed and toilet training is more independent. Has more confidence in Self-feeding using a knife and fork. 5-7 years- Children begin to have rapid muscle growth in these years. Pencil control is developing as they start to draw circles, peoples and copying words. Preference for dominant hand is starting to show. Is able to care for own toilet needs independently. Begin to have preferences for likes and dislikes. Dressing becomes more independent as they start to learn how to do buttons laces etc. 7-12 years- They have well established hand eye coordination as mark making skills develop in drawing and printing. They are very active as they start to enjoy team games with other children/adults e. g. hitting balls and chasing each other. Boys begin to engage in a lot of rough and tumble games. The development of girl’s physical development is developing quicker than the boys. 13-19years- These years are classed as the transition from child hood to adult hood (adolescence) as they will start to experience changes in their bodies. The physical development in each child is different at this age as some may just start to mature physically and some may have fully physically matured. Intellectual Birth-12months- babies start to learn through their senses especially by putting things in and out of their mouths. 1-2years- They are still learning through their senses. They start to be curious about things and like to explore objects by using their fingers especially poking their fingers into things and taking things apart. They will start to say the names of familiar objects, people and familiar body parts. Start to use one word sentences â€Å"no† â€Å"bye bye† and starts to enjoy simple songs and rhymes. 2-3years-Are still learning through all their senses, they are still very curious about things in their environment. They are starting to use three to four word senses and start singing simple songs and rhymes. 3-4years- At this age they are still learning through using their senses. Are beginning to use their imagination in play using one object to represent another object and are starting to enjoy role play situations. Begin to start to become more curious and inquisitive about their environment. Has large vocabulary, 1500 to 2000 words as they start to approach the age of 5. 5-7years- children will start to follow instructions by adults and will accept help, although they are still unsure about trying new things if they are unfamiliar with them. Some children may begin to stutter when they get excited to tell someone something or if they are nervous. Colour and number recognition is apparent and may start to write a few letters they recognise. At this age most children are learning to read and write. 7-12years- Children start to have a good attention span and are able to solve more complex problems. Enjoys working hard to complete tasks they are set and enjoys challenging experiences. Are curious about how things work and why things happen. Reasoning and thinking becomes more abstract. They may start to enjoy reading, writing and using books. 13-19years- They start to begin to think logically about concepts. They become more argue mental with others Moral. Birth-12months- Babies do not have moral development at this age. 1-2 years- Are sensitive to adult approval/disapproval, despite tantrums and bursts of anger. No understanding of right from wrong, but starting to understand yes or no. 2-3 years- appears to be independent and self-reliant and wants to be good, but is not yet mature enough to be able to carry out most promises. They are starting to understand the word â€Å"no†, they still do not understand right from wrong. 3-4 years- Is starting to understand right from wrong. They are becoming more self-controlled and less aggressive, and may use extreme verbally threats such as â€Å"I will kill you† without realising the full consciousness. 5-7 years- Is becoming aware of right and wrong; is wanting to be good and please adults but may tell lies to blame others for own wrongdoing because of intense desire to please and do right . 7-12 years- Is very concerned with personal behaviour, particularly as it affects family and friends; May experience guilt and shame. Has difficulty in admitting to mistakes but are becoming more capable of accepting failure and mistakes and are aware of consequences of their behaviour. Is aware of right and wrong; wants to do right. 13-19 years- Understands right from wrong and consciences of their actions. They try to weigh alternatives and arrive at a decision of their own. They are very unlikely to lie and are concerned about how other people are treated. They will experience numerous feelings of anger, sorrow and frustration. They may even be interested in sex as response to physical-emotional urges. 1. 2 Analyse the difference between sequences of development and rate of development and why the distinction is important. Identifying the difference between the sequence of rate and the rate of development of children is important as it helps to identify a child’s ability and helps to meet the needs of individual children. It also enables you to be able to identify any special educational needs and helps you to plan effectively to make sure they are getting the help and support they may need in areas they may have gaps in. Sequencing- means a pattern of development in children but this can vary in each child. The sequence is a definite order of developmental milestones that children meet and accomplish over time as they need to finish one area of development before moving to another developmental stage. e. g. rolling over and sitting up occur before learning to walk, a toddler being able to walk before they can run Rate- Is the speed of which children develop but this may vary greatly in each individual child e. g. a child’s will start to babble before they begin to use words. 1. 3 Analyse the reasons why children and young people’s development may not follow the pattern normally expected There are many factors which contribute to a child not following the pattern of development disability either physical or mental will make them find it harder to learn the same as another child the same age, resources, facilities, possibly restrictions due to a disability, environment (poverty) due to lack of essential resources needed, emotional problems may cause a child to have lack of concentration or interacting skills, culture how people bring up their children. There are reasons why development may not follow expected patterns they are: †¢ Disability can affect development because if children can’t use certain parts of their body for example they may not be able to use their legs they won’t be able use a climbing frame their physical development won’t be able to develop in the expected way. The nursery or school they attend may not have the equipment needed for the child to achieve their desire to use the climbing frame. †¢ Emotional difficulties can affect expected patterns of development because a child who is not settled into a nursery and does not have solid relationships with the adults in their life are more likely to have low self-esteem and are less likely to try new activities that would help their development. †¢ Environmental factors such as poverty and family could affect a child’s development because if they do not have much money some opportunities such as nursery will not be available. Family could also affect a child because single parents may not have the time and energy to engage and challenge their child to try new things that would help their development. Food may not be as nourishing and nutritious. †¢ Cultural reasons for example girls in many cultures are not given the same opportunities as boys this will limit their development because they are not expected to go to school. †¢ Social factors such as transport could result in development not following expected patterns because parents who don’t drive may have difficulties in getting their children to school regularly which could result in poor attendance so the child could miss out on key factors of their education. Home schooling could also affect children’s social development as they won’t have had many opportunities for social interaction with children their own age which could result in a social delay. †¢ Particular learning needs may affect development because a child having difficulties with reading and writing and they are not receiving the extra help they need is likely to fall behind in school work. †¢ Communication difficulties could result in development not happening in the expected way because children who have a hearing impairment can cause a delay as we learn to speak by listening this could lead on to a speech impairment which may result in children only expressing what they can and not what they really mean. Parents who don’t talk or read to their children will also affect the child’s development. 2. 1 Analyse how children and young people’s development is influenced by a range of personal factors Family Environment- Family life has the most important impact on children‘s development due to the various family structures and stability each individual child has. Cramped Housing – May share a room with several other children, this can lead to cramped spaces for children, not enough room to play, no personal space. Single parents – where children may have lack of male/female role models which may cause social stigma. Parents divorcing/separating- This is very stressful on everyone involved, children can become emotionally withdrawn, suffer lack of confidence and can create lack of self-esteem. Working Parents- When parents have to work all week this will leave little room for direct social, emotional and intellectual support. Step families- When children become part of a new step family it may cause friction, hatred and jealousy between the children from each family and children towards their new step parent. This could lead to the child/teenager to become socially and emotionally withdrawn. Health Problems – health problems can be a genetic problem or due to the poor living environment they grow up in. If a child is raised in poor quality housing this may lead to health problems e. g. damp can trigger asthma and other breathing problems, if a child is not getting a good variety of healthy food/nutrition this could lead to health problems. Children who suffer from health problems may miss out on a lot of their education, which could be departmental in the future learning. Learning difficulties – A child with learning difficulties will need extra support in certain areas of development and may develop a low self-esteem because they get annoyed with themselves for not being able to do something, such as a simple numeracy problem, or read a book. A child with language/communication difficulties may find it hard to socialise with other people/children. Disability A child in a wheelchair or with a serious physical impairment would find it hard to do many activities, particularly those that are physically demanding. Gross motor skills would be at a less developed rate than peers and fine motor skills may be affected if the child had little or no control over their limbs. Genetic A baby’s genes are determined at conception. If something is faulty at this stage, this can have a huge impact on the child’s development. This may be physical or intellectual. If a mother takes drugs, drinks alcohol or smokes when pregnant, there is an increased chance of delivering an underweight baby at birth. It can also lead to cognitive problems for the child as they get older . Visual impairment Children who have visual impairment usually have some vision; this can vary from each child. Some children may be able to see outlines of objects while others may only be able to tell the difference between light and dark. If a child has vision problems this nearly always initially delays their physical development. Their gross and fine motor skills would be affected because they would be unable to be as adventurous as children with good vision. Fine motor skills may not be in line with other children as the child would find it hard to do tasks that require precision such as threading beads or colouring. Hearing impairment Hearing is a very important part of learning language and being able to communicate effectively with others. Children will need to learn to speak and listen. Their language and cognitive development would almost certainly be affected, but their social development might be hindered as well. They may speak in a monotone voice and not respond when spoken to. People may start to treat them differently and this might make them feel isolated and secluded from daily experiences 2. 2 Analyse how children and young people’s development is influenced by a range of external factors Education- Children deserve the best start in life in education as it will help them become very academic and achieve their full potential. If they are unable to access the resources they need for their education e. g. books, stationary and internet this will hinder their learning and they may not develop as well as those who have the opportunities. Poverty- Poverty effects children’s development in various ways; if they have a poor diet it may cause them to be unfit, lack of energy to be able to concentrate which will affect their progression of development. Children who come from low income families may have fewer opportunities to participate in out of school activities, and have limited access to equipment they may need for their education which will cause lack of motivation. Poor hygiene will lead to low self-esteem in a child as they become paranoid about their appearance and in some cases can lead to bullying. Foster Care- can cause long term effects on children due to lack of stability in their life. They have fewer opportunities to make positive relationships with others. They may be confused about why they are in foster care due to un answered questions. They are more venerable, as they have already had experience of the negative experience of being separated from family. Their self-esteem will be low which will make it harder for them to relate and socialise with others and to form attachments Personal choices- As children begin to develop they start to make personal choices for themselves, the choices they make can have a major effect on their development e. g. starting to smoke, using drugs, drinking, food choices, exercise choices. †¢ Family environment and background. In some homes education is not at the front of their things to do list. We can often see this where the parents/ carers are of a lower educational development. This could also show that there is no support at home as the parents do not understand the required educational elements needed to complete the work. †¢ Personal choices. If a child or young person as decided for what ever reason they do not want to be educated or leave school before they finish their education, this is their choice and we cannot always show them alternative choices for staying at school. †¢ Looked after/ care status. This again could have a huge influence as a lot of looked after children are moved around regularly. This will affect their education enormously. Separation and attachment issues are quite often the cause of many reasons not to want to be in school. This is constantly worked on by schools to find the best way to include these children in school and to be able to give them a good standard of education. †¢ Education. If for example a child has not attended a nursery or play group in their early years this can often set them back from what development stage they should be at when attending school. This could be the lack of nursery places, not good enough teachers to the child having a learning disability that has not been identified yet. †¢ Boyfriends/girlfriends. This is more apparent in young people more than children, but starting and finishing a relationship can be a huge influence on learning. Distracted and even heartbroken pupils will not learn to the same degree as others who are not at that stage. 2. 3 Explain how theories of development and frameworks to support development influence current practice Maslow- Believes everyone has fundamental needs that must be met in order for people to reach their full potential. The needs include warmth, food and shelter, love, security and self-esteem. His hierarchy needs has five stages which was expanded to include cognitive aesthetic needs. In our setting we ensure the children are well cared for, environment is clean and tidy, and temperature of nursery is at a comfortable level, we provide a healthy balanced diet. Children are allocated a key worker on entry in nursery key worker is responsible for ensuring each child’s needs are meet under the EYFP. Maslows theories of development include Humanist. Bandura – Created a theory that children learn by observing others, they do not need to be taught directly as they will imitate and observe what those around them are doing. This is a natural process and does not require the force of an adult. This learning is known as observational learning. In our setting we have a calm approach to all situations modelling good behaviour. We create an environment where observational learning can take place on a daily basis. Banduras theories including Social Learning. Skinner – Believes that children learn language through principles of conditioning and that they learn words by associating sounds with objects, actions and events. They also learn words by imitating other people. We support this in our setting by having a language rich environment, asking open ended questions, lots of interaction. Skinners theories including Operant Conditioning, Behaviourist and Attachment. Bowlby – Believes that attachment behaviours are instinctive and that early relationships and early experiences with care givers have a major role on development and behaviour and influence how children will react to social interactions with other people. Early attachment were children are secure to main carer will allow the child to have high self-esteem and will enjoy intimate relationships; they will start to have the ability to share their feeling and seek out others for support. We support this in my setting for new starters by introducing them gradually into the setting through visits which will start off with main carer staying with them and then progressing to the child having visits on their own to ensure they feel comfortable in their new environment. Lev Vygotsky- His theory is that children’s development depends on interaction with people and the tools that the culture provides. . He had three different ways cultural tools could be passed from one individual to another. Imitative learning where one person tries to imitate or copy another e. g. when a parent sings an action song and the child tries to copy, Instructed learning which involves remembering the instruction of an adult and then using these instructions, collaborative learning involves a group of peers who strive to understand each other and work together. He believes every new interaction is a learning experience to for children that they must be guided through until they know how to react properly. In our setting staff support this by supporting children who are having difficulty in managing certain tasks. We encourage turn taking and sharing, and provide plenty of opportunities for social interaction with adults and children. Piaget- Believes that children’s cognitive development moves through four different stages of mental development: – Sensorimotor birth-2 years were a child recognises self as agent of actions and begins to act intentionally, preoperational 2-7years were they learn to use language and represent objects by images and words. , concrete operational 7-11 years were children can begin to think logically about objects and events and classify objects according to several features, Formal operational 11-adult hood were they can think logically about abstract propositions. He believed all children pass through these phases to advance to the next level of cognitive development. In our setting we encourage a more hands on approach and more relevant tasks for age/stage of development of child. We emphasise strongly on â€Å"child- Imitated† activities and observations to be able to plan for children’s needs. Freud- Believed that our personalities are made up with three parts; the â€Å"id†-is the instinctive part of our personality, the â€Å"ego†- is the planning part of our personality, and the â€Å"superego†- develops later in childhood it is known as the control part of our personality ,which are not all present at birth but will develop as the child develops. Freud theories of develop include Psychoanalytic. 3. 1 Analyse the importance of early identification of development delay Early identification and intervention is the best thing for a child’s long term benefits. Early intervention has a dual effect it helps children develop skills that are expected at their age but it also prevents the child from developing negative behaviours. Being able to identify signs of delay in a child’s development allows practitioner to make swift assessments and to involve outside agencies to make their own observations of the child. It is an important role for a practitioner to know and understand children’s learning and development in order for them to able to identify any early signs. 3. 2 Explain the potential risks of late recognition of development delay Late recognition of development, can lead to problems later on in life for young person understanding or a child being able to express their own feelings, leaving them feeling angry or frustrated and causing them to act out and maybe develop behaviour problems. It can also affect their confidence and self-esteem causing problems building relationships with peers and becoming. 3. 3 Evaluate how multi agency teams work together to support all aspects of development in children and young people Professionals from multi agency bring together all practitioners from different sectors that may need to be involved in working to support children, young people and families. Working with multi agency is a way of ensuring that children and young people who need additional support have exactly the right professionals supporting them. When a child needs additional support the SENCO of a setting will fill in a CAF form with relevant information and concerns about a child which will then be referred to relevant sector to enable team members to share information and support one another so the child’s needs are addressed efficiently and effectively. Regularly meetings are set to discuss the needs of the child or young people to plan for child’s development for example action plans. IEPs and to discuss child’s progress. The involvement of multi-agencies will vary as the needs of children and young people will be very different. What is important is that each person brings with them their own specialist skills, expertise and insight so that the child or young person gets the best support possible. Multi-agency working is a varied number l of services that have the collective aim to provide the best for children and their carers who are in need. The people involved to support a child’s needs could be a social worker, play specialist, early year’s practitioners, educational psychologists, health workers and any person with the ability to step in and help a child when their development is being hindered. Early years settings are more of an integrated working because they offer a cocktail of services within the setting, rather than external services which is multi-agency. England’s government framework, Every Child Matters, lists five outcomes that reinforce the importance of working together to achieve the best outcomes for children. The Early Years Framework also states that when professionals work together the results are better essentially, if all the people involved in a child’s life are aware of what that child needs, then development c